Many homeowners are sitting on seven figures of home equity—but unlocking that cash can trigger a nasty surprise from the IRS. According to LendingTree, Americans held $34.5 trillion in home equity as of Q1 2025. For those planning to sell, a portion of that equity could be exposed to federal—and potentially state—capital gains taxes.
The good news? With some strategic planning, there are ways to reduce or defer those taxes. In some cases, you may be able to avoid them altogether. But it won’t happen automatically.
Let’s walk through how the current rules work—and what you should consider before listing your home.
The $250,000/$500,000 Exclusion—And Its Limits
The Internal Revenue Code allows:
- Single taxpayers to exclude up to $250,000 of gain
- Married couples filing jointly to exclude up to $500,000
- Surviving spouses to claim the $500,000 exclusion if the sale happens within two years of the spouse’s death
This exclusion only applies if:
- The home was your primary residence
- You owned and lived in the home for at least two of the five years prior to the sale
- You haven’t claimed this exclusion on another home sale in the last two years
The problem: Real estate values have surged. The National Association of Realtors reports that 34% of U.S. homeowners are likely to exceed the $250,000 exclusion. One in ten couples will break past the $500,000 mark.
This has led to growing support for legislation that would eliminate federal capital gains on primary residence sales, and some bills have been in Congress. While it’s still uncertain whether it will pass, the direction of the conversation is clear: Washington recognizes the pressure homeowners face.
Even if federal taxes are eliminated, state capital gains taxes may still apply. For example:
State
Capital Gains Tax Rate
Florida
None
Texas
None
California
Up to 13.3%
New York
Up to 10.9%
Oregon
Up to 9.9%
Where you live matters—a lot.
What Happens at Death: Step-Up in Basis
There’s one situation where a large capital gain on a home can disappear entirely—and that’s at death.
Here’s how it works:
When a homeowner passes away, the cost basis of the property automatically adjusts to its fair market value as of the date of death. This is known as a step-up in basis.
Example
Let’s say you bought a home 30 years ago for $250,000. Today, it’s worth $1.5 million.
If you sell it during your lifetime, that $1.25 million gain may be partially or fully taxable (depending on how much of the $250K/$500K exclusion applies).
But if you pass away while still owning the property, the IRS resets the home’s cost basis to the value on the date of death—$1.5 million in this example.
If your heirs sell the home shortly after inheriting it for $1.5 million, they owe no capital gains tax, because there’s no gain to report.
This rule can wipe out decades of unrealized appreciation, making it one of the most effective tax tools in estate planning.
Important Caveats
- If the home continues to appreciate after the date of death and is sold later at a higher price, your heirs may owe tax on that gain.
- The step-up applies only to assets included in the taxable estate, so any planning to remove the home from your estate (via certain trusts or gifting strategies) should be done carefully with tax advisors.
Other Tax Planning Moves
If you’re expecting a large gain from the sale of your home, don’t just accept the tax hit as a given. There are several strategies worth exploring—especially if you have time to plan in advance.
These aren’t loopholes. They’re simply smart uses of the existing tax code.
1. Document Everything That Adds to Your Basis
2. Hold the Home for at Least One Year
3. Offset Gains with Investment Losses (Tax-Loss Harvesting)
4. Consider an Installment Sale (Seller Financing)
Your cost basis isn’t just what you paid for the house. It’s the total of what you invested into the property over time—including improvements and some closing costs. Every additional dollar increases your basis, which reduces your taxable gain when you sell.
What counts as an adjustment to basis?
- Capital improvements — New roof, kitchen remodel, bathroom upgrades, room additions, pool installation, etc.
- Additions and upgrades — Anything that adds value or extends the useful life of the property
- Transaction costs — Title insurance, legal fees, recording costs, and certain closing expenses
Example
You bought your home for $600,000. Over the years, you spent $150,000 on improvements. Your adjusted basis is now $750,000. If you sell for $1.2 million, your gain is $450,000—not $600,000.
Common mistake: Most sellers don’t keep good records. If you’ve owned the home for 20+ years, you may have lost track of receipts or documentation. This is where professional support matters. A CPA or financial advisor can help you reconstruct records and maximize your basis.
Timing matters.
If you sell a property that you’ve held for less than a year, the gain is taxed at your ordinary income tax rate, which could be as high as 37% federally for high earners.
Hold the property for at least one full year, and your gain qualifies for long-term capital gains treatment—which caps federal tax rates at 15% or 20%, depending on your income.
That one-year line can make a six-figure difference.
If you’ve got taxable investments sitting at a loss—old stock positions, mutual funds, ETFs—you may be able to use them strategically in the year you sell your home.
Here’s how it works:
Let’s say you’re facing $400,000 in taxable gain after exclusions and adjustments from your home sale. In the same year, you sell $200,000 worth of investments at a loss. That loss offsets part of your gain.
Result:
- $400,000 capital gain
- $200,000 realized capital loss
- Net taxable gain = $200,000
This strategy doesn’t require a complex structure. It just requires coordination across your tax and investment plan.
If you’re not in a rush to access the full equity from your sale, you may have another option: finance the buyer yourself and spread the tax liability over time.
Here’s the idea:
- Rather than receiving a lump sum at closing, you get a series of payments from the buyer (usually with interest)
- The gain is recognized gradually, only as you receive each payment
- This may help you stay in a lower tax bracket, avoiding a one-time spike in income
Breakdown of the tax treatment:
Portion of Payment
Tax Treatment
Interest
Ordinary income tax
Principal (gain)
Long-term capital gains rate
Principal (basis)
Not taxed
Why it works:
It can help spread the gain over multiple years and reduce the chances of getting hit with Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) or phaseouts on deductions.
Caution:
Installment sales do carry risk. If the buyer stops making payments, you may have to foreclose or renegotiate. This strategy works best with strong documentation and an experienced advisory team.
Wrapping Up: Plan Early, Avoid Regret
Selling a home isn’t just a real estate decision—it’s a tax decision. If you’re approaching retirement, downsizing, or preparing to unlock equity for other investments, model the tax impact first.
Run the numbers.
Keep good records.
Coordinate with your CPA and financial advisor.
In many cases, we help clients avoid six-figure tax bills with some upfront planning. But once the sale is done, your options shrink fast.
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